If you only want to read one Doctor Doom comic to get a feel for the villain and what he might look like in the MCU, I’d recommend legendary Marvel writer Jonathan Hickman’s series on the character. That’s cheating, though, since Hickman has been building his interpretation of Doom since 2009. Fantastic Four and ending in 2016 with the conclusion Secret Wars event comic. That’s about seven years of comics to read, which is overwhelming, but I promise it’s worth it.
By Fantastic Four, Avengers, New AvengersAND Secret WarsHickman’s portrayal of Doom as a man who operates at the highest possible level in the universe is fascinating. He’s basically playing 5D chess all the time, and watching Doom worry about the end of the multiverse and killing gods, essentially on his own, is awesome. 2027 Avengers Secret Wars shares the same title as the final episode of Hickman, so you can be sure it will serve as a huge inspiration for the MCU.